1

A participant is bitten by a tick during a forest hike, raising concerns about Lyme disease or other tick-borne illnesses.

PREVENTION

  • Encourage participants to wear long sleeves, pants, and tuck their pants into socks when hiking in areas where ticks are common.
  • Apply insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin on clothes and exposed skin.
  • Avoid walking through tall grass or dense underbrush where ticks are more likely to be found.
  • Remind participants to check their bodies for ticks every few hours while hiking and immediately after the hike.

SOLUTION

  • Use fine-tipped tweezers to grab the tick as close to the skin as possible and pull it out steadily without twisting. Clean the area with soap and water or an antiseptic.
  • Keep an eye on the bite site for the next few weeks. If a red ring or rash appears, seek medical advice immediately.
  • Be aware of signs of Lyme disease such as fever, fatigue, headache, or joint pain within a few weeks of the bite. If symptoms occur, consult a healthcare professional.
  •  If the participant develops any concerning symptoms, get them medical attention quickly.

2

Shortly after eating, a participant experiences nausea, a rash, itching, or trouble breathing.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, gather information about participants’ food allergies and ensure that this information has been passed to the people who are responsible for preparing the food. 
  • Make sure all food items are clearly labeled with ingredients, especially common allergens like nuts, dairy, gluten, and seafood.
  • Always have alternative meals available for participants with allergies.
  • Make sure youth workers know how to identify allergic reactions and are prepared to act quickly if needed.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant has mild symptoms like nausea or itching, monitor them closely. Offer water and help them stay calm.
  • If the participant has a known allergy and symptoms like a rash or itching, an antihistamine (such as Benadryl) can be given, if available and appropriate.
  • If the participant has trouble breathing, swelling, or shows signs of a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), administer their epinephrine (EpiPen) if available and call emergency services immediately.
  • In cases of severe reactions, help the participant stay calm while waiting for medical assistance.

3

A participant wakes up feeling uncomfortable and itchy, discovering bedbug bites all over their body.

PREVENTION

  • When choosing the venue, check its reviews online. Use venues with good reputation.
  • Visit the venue before booking it to check for any issues. If the rooms seem dirty and  unhygienic then it’s probably smart to choose a different location. 
  • Before participants settle in, check mattresses, bedding, and furniture for signs of bedbugs, such as tiny dark spots or shed skins. Report any issues to the staff. 
     

SOLUTION

  • Alert the staff of the issue. 
  • Have the participant move to another sleeping area to prevent further bites.
  • Wash the affected areas with soap and water. Apply an anti-itch cream, such as hydrocortisone, to reduce itching and discomfort.
  • Remind the participant not to scratch the bites excessively, as this could lead to infection. If any bites become red, swollen, or painful, consult a medical professional.

4

A participant with celiac disease accidentally eats gluten and now has an unpleasant stomach ache.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, collect details on participants’ dietary restrictions, including celiac disease, and communicate this to the catering team or those preparing meals.
  • Ensure that all food is clearly labeled, and avoid cross-contamination by preparing gluten-free meals separately using clean utensils and cookware.
  • Make sure everyone is aware of the importance of avoiding gluten for participants with celiac disease and how cross-contamination can happen.
  • During cultural evenings or other activities where food might be involved – remind people about the participants with food restrictions. This is especially important if someone has a severe allergy that can put their safety in danger.
  • Always have gluten-free meal options available and ensure safe food handling practices are in place.
  • Warn the participant of potential cross-contamination issues since many places are not able to ensure 100% gluten free meals.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant is experiencing stomach pain, encourage them to rest and avoid any further food intake until they feel better.
  • Offer water and, if appropriate, a gluten-free snack like plain rice or fruit to help settle their stomach, but only if they feel ready to eat.
  • If available and appropriate, suggest over-the-counter remedies such as antacids to alleviate the discomfort, but check with the participant if they’re familiar with using them.
  • Keep an eye on the participant for worsening symptoms, such as vomiting, severe cramps, or diarrhea. If symptoms persist or worsen, call an ambulance or go to the emergency room.
  • Remind the participant to be extra cautious with food choices to avoid further issues for the remainder of the event.

5

A lactose-intolerant participant unknowingly consumes lactose and now has stomach ache, bloating, and diarrhea.

PREVENTION

  • Ensure that you gather detailed dietary restrictions from all participants, including lactose intolerance, and share this with the catering team or anyone preparing food.
  • Ensure that all foods containing lactose are clearly labeled, and provide lactose-free alternatives where possible.
  • Have lactose-free milk, cheese, and other alternatives available for participants with lactose intolerance.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant is experiencing discomfort, encourage them to rest in a quiet place until the symptoms ease.
  • Hydration is important, so encourage the participant to drink water to stay hydrated, especially if they have diarrhea.
  • If available, offer lactase enzyme supplements, which can help break down lactose and alleviate symptoms. Make sure the participant is familiar with using them.
  • Keep an eye on the participant for worsening symptoms. Stomach ache and bloating are common, but if the participant feels very unwell or symptoms persist, consider seeking medical advice.
  • Ensure the participant sticks to lactose-free foods for the rest of the event to prevent any further issues.

6

A participant gets burned by boiling water while making tea or coffee.

PREVENTION

  • Make sure participants, especially younger ones, are supervised when using kettles or boiling water.
  • Ensure that all kettles, pots, or dispensers for boiling water are safe and in good condition, with stable bases and handles that don’t overheat.
  • Designate a specific area for making tea or coffee, away from crowded spaces, to reduce the risk of accidents.
  • Use heat-resistant mitts or cloths where needed to handle hot items safely.

SOLUTION

  • Hold the burned area under cool (not ice-cold) running water for at least 10–15 minutes to reduce the heat in the skin.
  • If the burn is on the hand, remove rings or tight accessories gently before swelling starts.
  • After cooling the burn, cover it with a clean, non-stick bandage or cloth. Avoid using creams, oils, or butter.
  • For minor burns (redness or blisters), keep the area clean and dry. If the burn is larger, appears deep, or causes severe pain, seek medical attention immediately.
  • Reassure the participant and help them relax while treating the burn. Make sure they’re comfortable while receiving care.
  • If the burn covers a large area, blisters heavily, or seems severe, contact a medical professional for further treatment.

7

While trying to make a campfire, one participant burns their hand with a piece of burning wood.

PREVENTION

  • Provide participants with tools like fire tongs or gloves to safely handle wood around the campfire.
  • Ensure that a responsible person is always supervising campfire activities, especially if participants are inexperienced. This is especially important if the participants are younger.
  • Before starting a campfire, remind participants of basic fire safety, including how to safely manage firewood and stay a safe distance from the flames.
  • Limit the number of people around the campfire at any given time to reduce the risk of accidents.

SOLUTION

  • old the burned hand under cool (not ice-cold) running water for at least 10–15 minutes to cool the skin and prevent further damage.
  • If the participant is wearing rings, watches, or other items on the burned hand, remove them gently before swelling begins.
  • After cooling the burn, cover it with a clean, non-stick bandage or cloth. Avoid using any creams, butter, or oils on the burn.
  • Keep an eye on the burn for signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, or pus. If any of these symptoms occur, seek medical attention.
  • If the burn is severe, covers a large area, or causes significant pain, seek medical help immediately.
  • Reassure the participant and help them stay calm while treating the burn. Ensure they’re comfortable and pain is managed effectively.

8

A participant spills hot oil on themselves while cooking, burning their legs.

PREVENTION

  • Remind participants to be extra careful when frying or cooking with oil, keeping the oil at a safe temperature and avoiding overcrowding pans.
  • Encourage participants to wear long sleeves, pants, and closed-toe shoes when cooking with hot oil to protect skin from splashes.
  • Ensure that an experienced person is always nearby when participants are cooking with hot oil, especially if they are inexperienced.
  • Make sure that the cooking area is free from distractions, spills, and unnecessary clutter that could lead to accidents. 
     

SOLUTION

  • Gently remove the participant from the cooking area and cool the burned area with cool (not ice-cold) running water for at least 10–15 minutes to reduce heat and prevent further damage.
  • If the participant is wearing tight clothing near the burn, remove it carefully, but do not attempt to remove anything stuck to the burn.
  • After cooling the burn, cover the area with a clean, non-stick bandage or cloth to protect it. Avoid using creams, oils, or butter.
  • Keep an eye on the burn for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or pus. If symptoms worsen or the burn covers a large area, seek medical help.
  • If the burn is extensive, deep, or causes severe pain, call emergency services or go to a hospital immediately for professional care.
  • Reassure the participant and help them relax while receiving care. Ensure they are comfortable and monitored for shock or other complications.

9

A participant develops a persistent cough and has been coughing for several days.

PREVENTION

  • Remind participants to wash their hands regularly, especially before meals and after coughing or sneezing. Provide hand sanitizer if soap and water aren’t available.
  • Check the weather forecast and let the participants know what kind of weather they can expect during the event. 
  • Compile a list of suggestions of what the participants should bring to the event, for example a warm jacket, hiking shoes, etc.
  • During outdoor activities, make sure participants are dressed appropriately for the weather, especially in cold or damp conditions. Give them time to go and dress up before the activity starts.
  • Encourage participants to drink plenty of water to keep their throats hydrated and reduce the risk of cough-related irritation.
  • Set up a spot where the participants can make themselves some hot drinks like tea and coffee. 

SOLUTION

  • If the participant has been coughing for several days, ensure they get enough rest to allow their body to recover. Avoid strenuous activities until the cough improves. This might mean that there are some activities that they should skip.
  • Offer the participant warm drinks, such as herbal tea or water with honey, to help soothe the throat and alleviate the coughing.
  • Ask the participant if they have any other symptoms, such as fever, difficulty breathing, or chest pain. If these are present, seek medical advice.
  • If the cough persists for more than a week or worsens, encourage the participant to consult a healthcare professional to rule out any underlying conditions, such as infection or asthma.
  • Offer over-the-counter remedies like cough syrups (e.g., ACC) or throat lozenges (e.g., Strepsils) to ease the symptoms. Make sure the participant is familiar with these medications and that they don’t have any allergies or contraindications.

10

A participant complains of discomfort and mild pain in their throat.

PREVENTION

  • Remind participants to drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep their throats moist and reduce irritation.
  • Make sure participants are dressed warmly, especially in cold or windy conditions, to prevent throat irritation from cold air.
  • Encourage participants to wash their hands regularly and avoid sharing utensils or drinks to reduce the spread of germs that can cause throat discomfort.

SOLUTION

  • Give the participant warm drinks like herbal tea or warm water with honey and lemon to soothe the throat and reduce discomfort.
  • Offer throat lozenges (e.g., Strepsils) to ease throat irritation and mild pain.
  • Advise the participant to rest their voice and avoid speaking loudly or for extended periods to help reduce throat strain.
  • Ask if the participant has additional symptoms, such as fever, coughing, or swollen glands. If these symptoms are present or the pain worsens, suggest consulting a healthcare professional.
  • If appropriate, offer over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol to alleviate mild pain. Ensure the participant is familiar with the medication and check for any contraindications.

11

A participant develops severe throat pain and has difficulty swallowing food.

PREVENTION

  • Ensure participants stay hydrated throughout the day to prevent throat irritation and maintain overall health.
  • Remind participants to dress warmly in cold or windy conditions, especially if they’ll be outdoors for extended periods.
  • Encourage frequent hand washing and avoiding the sharing of utensils or drinks to minimize the spread of infections that could lead to severe throat issues.

SOLUTION

  • Encourage the participant to sip warm liquids like herbal tea, broth, or water with honey, which can help ease the throat pain and make swallowing slightly easier.
  • Recommend the participant avoid solid food until they feel better, sticking to soft, easy-to-swallow items such as yogurt, applesauce, or smoothies.
  • If the participant is in significant discomfort, offer over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol, provided they are familiar with the medication and it’s safe for them to take.
  • Check if the participant has additional symptoms like fever, swollen glands, or difficulty breathing, as these could indicate a more serious infection.
  • If the participant’s throat pain is severe and they’re struggling to swallow or showing signs of infection (e.g., high fever, swollen tonsils), seek medical help immediately. This may indicate conditions such as strep throat or tonsillitis, which require medical treatment.
  • If the participant has a possible infection, ensure they rest and, if needed, isolate them from others to prevent spreading the illness.

12

A participant has a fever of 38.8°C and feels weak.

PREVENTION

  • Encourage participants to wash their hands frequently and use hand sanitizer, especially before meals and after coughing or sneezing, to reduce the spread of infections.
  • Make sure participants are getting adequate rest and not overexerting themselves, especially during physically demanding activities. If you have one physically straining day then consider taking it easier on the following day. If there are parties that keep people up until very late hours, consider starting the parties earlier or setting a time when the party will end so that participants would have time to get enough sleep.
  • Keep an eye on participants who show signs of illness, such as mild fever, and respond early to prevent worsening symptoms.

SOLUTION

  • Have the participant rest in a quiet, comfortable space away from group activities to allow their body to recover.
  • Encourage the participant to drink plenty of water, herbal teas, or electrolyte drinks to stay hydrated and prevent dehydration, which is common with fever.
  • If appropriate and available, offer over-the-counter fever-reducing medications like ibuprofen or paracetamol to help lower the fever and relieve discomfort. Ensure the participant is familiar with these medications and has no contraindications.
  • Watch for signs of worsening illness, such as a higher fever, difficulty breathing, persistent vomiting, or confusion. If the fever persists for more than 24-48 hours or symptoms worsen, seek medical attention.
  • Use light clothing and a cool, damp cloth to help the participant feel more comfortable. Avoid using cold water or ice, as this can cause shivering and raise body temperature.
  • If the fever persists or the participant develops severe symptoms like difficulty breathing, chest pain, or confusion, seek medical assistance promptly.

13

A participant feels hot, notices a slight rise in temperature, and is worried about it.

PREVENTION

  • Ensure participants drink plenty of water throughout the day, especially during physical activities or in warm environments, to help regulate body temperature.
  • During outdoor activities, create shaded spots or encourage participants to take breaks in cooler areas to avoid overheating.
  • Remind participants to wear lightweight, breathable clothing in warm conditions to help prevent overheating.
  • Keep an eye on participants during strenuous activities to catch early signs of overheating or illness.
  • Ultimately, you can’t control everything and sometimes people get worried about trivial things. You should still take participants’ concerns seriously and monitor the situation.
     

SOLUTION

  • Offer the participant water or an electrolyte drink to help lower their body temperature and ease any discomfort from feeling hot.
  • Have the participant move to a shaded or air-conditioned space, if possible, to help cool down their body.
  • Ask the participant if they are experiencing any additional symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, or nausea. If these are present, consider monitoring them more closely.
  • Let the participant know that a slight rise in temperature is often a normal response to physical exertion or warm conditions. Encourage them to rest and cool down.
  •  Keep an eye on the participant to see if their temperature continues to rise or if they start showing signs of a fever. If the participant’s temperature rises significantly or if they feel unwell, consider offering over-the-counter fever-reducing medication or seeking medical advice.
  • Encourage the participant to rest and cool down for a while before rejoining activities. Reassure them that it’s important to listen to their body.

14

A participant feels dizzy and uncomfortable due to a stuffy nose, making it difficult to sleep at night.

PREVENTION

  • Encourage participants to drink plenty of water throughout the day to help keep nasal passages moist and reduce congestion.
  • Ensure sleeping areas are well-ventilated and free from irritants like dust or strong odors that could cause or worsen nasal congestion.
  • Remind participants to wash their hands regularly to prevent the spread of colds and other infections that can cause nasal congestion.
  • Ensure that participants are dressed for the weather, especially when it’s cold outside. 
  • Make sure that the participants get enough rest.

SOLUTION

  • Offer the participant water or warm fluids (e.g., herbal tea) to help thin mucus and relieve congestion.
  • Suggest that the participant sleep with their head slightly elevated by using an extra pillow. This can help reduce congestion and improve breathing at night.
  • If available, recommend a warm shower or sitting near steam to help open up the nasal passages and reduce discomfort.
  • If available, offer saline nasal spray or drops to help clear nasal passages and ease breathing. Ensure the participant is comfortable using these.
  • Advise the participant to rest and take it easy to help their body recover. Reassure them that it’s normal for colds or mild congestion to make sleep difficult for a night or two.
  • Ask the participant if they’re experiencing any other symptoms like fever, sore throat, or headaches. If they worsen, consider consulting a healthcare professional.

15

After spending too much time in the sun, participants develop a bad sunburn. Their skin is red, and they feel uncomfortable.

PREVENTION

  • Remind participants to apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 before going outside, and reapply every two hours, especially after swimming or sweating. Remind participants that they should bring sunscreen with them to the event. Make sure that you have some extra sunscreen to share with those who forgot to bring theirs. 
  • Ensure there are shaded areas where participants can take breaks from the sun during outdoor activities.
  • Encourage participants to wear hats, sunglasses, and light, long-sleeved clothing to protect their skin from direct sunlight.
  • Drinking plenty of water helps prevent dehydration, which can worsen the effects of sun exposure.
  • Remind people that sunburns can happen even if it’s cold outside…

SOLUTION

  • Have participants stay in the shade or indoors to prevent further sun damage and give their skin time to heal.
  • Apply a cool, damp cloth to the affected areas or suggest a cool shower to soothe the sunburned skin.
  • Apply aloe vera gel or a cooling gel (specifically for burns) to soothe the skin and reduce irritation.
  • Consider using products like Burnshield or hydrocortisone cream to help cool the skin and relieve pain. Ensure the participant is familiar with the product and its usage.
  • Encourage participants to drink water, as sunburn can lead to dehydration, making them feel even more uncomfortable.
  • Remind participants to cover up and avoid direct sun exposure until the sunburn heals to prevent worsening the burn.
  • If the sunburn is severe (blistering, fever, chills, nausea), seek medical advice. Severe sunburns may require medical attention.

16

A participant did not drink enough water during a hike and now feels tired, dizzy, and extremely thirsty.

PREVENTION

  • Select a hiking trail that matches the abilities of the least experienced or least fit participants to avoid pushing anyone beyond their physical limits.
  • Before starting, clearly communicate the difficulty level, expected duration, and conditions of the hike. Advise participants to wear proper footwear, lightweight clothing, and carry essentials like water, snacks, and sunscreen.
  • Remind participants to bring enough water and snacks for the entire hike, and consider carrying extra water for emergencies. Encourage participants to take hydration breaks at regular intervals, even if they don’t feel thirsty.
  • Schedule regular breaks in shaded areas where participants can rest and rehydrate. Keep an eye on everyone, especially those who may be struggling, and adjust the pace as needed.
  •  Make sure you have a plan to turn back or shorten the hike if someone is struggling or if conditions worsen (e.g., extreme heat, fatigue).
  • Ensure that nobody is left behind and keep the group together.

SOLUTION

  • If a participant feels tired, dizzy, or extremely thirsty, find a shaded area to rest. Consider ending the hike early if their condition doesn’t improve, or if continuing may put them at risk.
  • Encourage the participant to sip water or an electrolyte drink slowly to avoid overwhelming their system. Don’t allow them to drink large amounts of water quickly.
  • If the participant is weak, offer a light snack (such as fruit or an energy bar) to help restore energy levels.
  • Use a cool, damp cloth to help lower their body temperature if they’re overheated, and make sure they stay in the shade.
  • Keep a close eye on the participant as they rest. If they don’t start to feel better after rehydrating, or if they experience severe symptoms like confusion, fainting, or rapid heartbeat, seek medical assistance immediately.
  • If the participant’s condition doesn’t improve, consider turning back or finding an alternative route to get them back to safety as quickly as possible.

17

A participant wasn’t dressed properly and stayed out in the cold for too long. They feel very cold, are shivering, and look pale.

PREVENTION

  • Before any outdoor activities, ensure participants are informed about the expected weather conditions and are prepared with the right clothing. Emphasize the importance of layering, warm jackets, gloves, hats, and waterproof gear, depending on the conditions.
  • Before leaving for outdoor activities, do a quick check to make sure everyone is dressed appropriately, especially in cold weather. Offer spare clothing or gear if someone is inadequately dressed.
  • Plan outdoor activities with weather in mind. Avoid keeping participants outside for extended periods, especially if the conditions are particularly cold or wet. Incorporate regular breaks in warm, sheltered areas where participants can warm up.
  • Tailor the duration and intensity of outdoor activities based on the weather conditions. Be prepared to shorten or modify the activity if it becomes too cold or if participants start showing signs of discomfort.

SOLUTION

  • Immediately get the participant indoors or into a sheltered, warmer area. Ensure they remove any wet clothing and are given warm, dry clothes.
  • Provide the participant with warm (not hot) drinks like tea or water to help raise their body temperature. Offer blankets or additional layers to help them warm up gradually. Avoid direct heat like hot water bottles or heating pads, which can cause shock to cold skin.
  • Keep an eye out for signs of worsening symptoms, such as confusion, slurred speech, or persistent shivering. If these occur, seek medical attention immediately.
  • Consider adjusting the schedule or moving future activities indoors if the cold weather is a risk. Ensure all participants are aware of the importance of staying warm and recognize the early signs of cold-related stress.
  • Remind participants to inform organizers if they feel cold or uncomfortable early on, to prevent situations like this from escalating.

18

Unexpected heavy rain starts and participant slips on a muddy road. There is a big muddy abrasion on their left thigh and calf.

PREVENTION

  • Let participants know what kind of clothes and equipment they need to pack with them before coming to the project.
  • Before any outdoor activities, check the weather forecast and inform participants to bring waterproof clothing, sturdy shoes, and extra layers. Ensure everyone is aware of the potential for sudden weather changes. If people do not have the suitable clothing then consider changing the activity to something less risky.
  • Encourage participants to wear appropriate footwear for outdoor activities, especially if there’s a chance of rain. Sturdy, non-slip shoes or boots are ideal for wet or muddy terrain.
  • Be prepared to modify outdoor activities if the weather takes a turn for the worse. Shorten the activity or move indoors if conditions become unsafe, such as heavy rain, muddy trails, or slippery surfaces.
  • Frequently check in with participants during activities to assess how they are coping with weather conditions. Consider scheduling more frequent breaks in sheltered areas when conditions are less favorable.
  • Make sure to carry a basic medkit on hikes.

SOLUTION

  • Immediately move the participant to a safe, dry area if possible where they can wait for the weather to get better. This prevents further exposure to the rain and allows for treatment.
  • Gently clean the muddy abrasion on the participant’s thigh and calf using clean water and mild soap, if available. This will help remove dirt and reduce the risk of infection. Pat the area dry with a clean cloth or gauze.
  • Once the wound is cleaned and dried, apply a sterile bandage or dressing to the affected areas to protect the abrasion from dirt and further irritation.
  • If the participant is wet and cold, offer them warm, dry clothing to prevent further discomfort and potential hypothermia.
  • Keep an eye on the wound over the next few days. If it becomes red, swollen, or shows signs of infection (e.g., pus or increased pain), seek medical attention.
  • Consider modifying outdoor activities if heavy rain continues. Ensure the safety of the group by avoiding slippery or muddy areas and rescheduling or moving activities indoors when necessary.

19

A participant was outside in freezing weather. Initially, her fingers felt numb. Now, her fingers are swollen and painful, with patchy skin discoloration.

PREVENTION

  • Before any outdoor activity in freezing conditions, ensure participants know to wear proper cold-weather clothing, including insulated gloves, hats, and multiple layers to protect against frostbite and cold exposure. Make sure that the participants have packed the right clothing by sending them reminders before they travel to the project.
  • Plan outdoor activities in freezing weather for shorter durations and provide opportunities for participants to regularly warm up indoors or in sheltered areas.
  • Keep an eye on participants during cold weather activities and check in regularly. Look out for early signs of numbness or discomfort, particularly in extremities like fingers, toes, and ears.
  • Remind participants to speak up if they start feeling numb or uncomfortable in cold weather, and take immediate action to warm up.

SOLUTION

  • Bring the participant to a warm, sheltered location as quickly as possible to prevent further cold exposure and allow her body to begin warming up.
  • Use lukewarm (not hot) water to gently warm the participant’s fingers. Avoid direct heat sources such as heating pads or fires, as these can cause additional damage to cold-injured skin.
  • Remove any tight rings, gloves, or wet clothing from the participant’s hands to prevent further constriction and allow proper blood flow.
  • Do not rub or massage the affected fingers, as this can worsen tissue damage. Instead, let the warmth from the lukewarm water or warm air restore circulation gradually.
  • If the participant’s fingers remain swollen, painful, or discolored, or if blisters develop, seek medical attention immediately, as these could be signs of frostbite or more serious cold-related injury.
  • Ensure the participant rests and avoids further exposure to cold conditions for the remainder of the day. Re-evaluate outdoor activities to ensure safety, especially if others may be at risk for cold-related injuries. Better safe than sorry.

20

A participant feels sick after eating or drinking food that might have been expired or contaminated.

PREVENTION

  • Make sure all food is stored appropriately, especially perishable items. Keep cold foods refrigerated and store dry foods in sealed containers to prevent contamination.
  • Always check the expiration dates of food items before serving them, and discard any that are expired or show signs of spoilage.
  • Ensure that anyone handling or preparing food washes their hands thoroughly and that utensils, cutting boards, and cooking surfaces are clean to prevent cross-contamination.
  • Purchase food from reputable suppliers or stores and avoid accepting food donations unless you are sure they are safe to consume.
  • Inform participants about avoiding suspicious or expired food and how to report concerns about food quality to the organizers.
  • If the participants are asked to bring any local food for others to taste, make sure to remind them to bring things that don’t spoil quickly and stay edible for longer duration.
  • If you carry out an activity where participants can taste various foods from different countries, consider doing such activity early in the program.

SOLUTION

  • Have the participant rest in a comfortable area and offer them water or a rehydration solution to help flush out toxins and prevent dehydration, especially if they are vomiting or have diarrhea.
  • Keep a close eye on the participant for worsening symptoms such as severe stomach pain, persistent vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. If these symptoms develop, consider seeking medical attention.
  • If the participant feels nauseous but has no severe symptoms, you can offer mild over-the-counter remedies such as anti-nausea medications or antacids, provided they are familiar with using them and have no contraindications.
  • Encourage the participant to avoid eating solid food until their symptoms improve. Once they start feeling better, offer bland foods like toast, rice, or bananas.
  • If the participant’s condition worsens or they show signs of food poisoning (e.g., high fever, persistent vomiting, severe diarrhea), seek medical assistance immediately.

21

A participant is experiencing digestive issues such as bloating, mild stomach ache, or difficulty passing stool.

PREVENTION

  • Ensure participants have access to a variety of foods that include fiber-rich options such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to support healthy digestion. To do so, ask the venue/catering for a menu that they have planned for the event and suggest changes if needed.
  • Remind participants to drink plenty of water throughout the day, as staying hydrated can help prevent digestive issues like bloating and constipation.
  • Incorporate physical activities, even light ones like walking, into the program to promote digestion and prevent sluggish bowels.
  • Inform participants to avoid overeating, especially rich, heavy, or processed foods, which can contribute to bloating and discomfort.

SOLUTION

  • Suggest that the participant take a short walk or engage in light physical activity, as movement can help alleviate bloating and promote digestion.
  • Provide the participant with water or a mild herbal tea (e.g., peppermint or chamomile) to soothe the stomach and encourage digestion.
  • Recommend that the participant avoid eating heavy or greasy foods until their symptoms improve. Light meals such as soup, broth, or crackers may be easier to digest.
  • If available, offer over-the-counter options like antacids or mild laxatives (for constipation), provided the participant is familiar with them and comfortable using them.
  • If the participant is feeling uncomfortable, suggest they rest for a short time in a quiet area until their symptoms subside.
  • If the digestive issues persist or worsen (e.g., severe stomach pain, vomiting), consider seeking medical advice.

22

A participant experiences cramps and pain during menstruation, making them unable to participate in activities.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, remind participants to bring any personal items they might need, including pain relief medication, heating pads, and other supplies they use to manage menstrual cramps.
  • Ensure that participants know it’s okay to take breaks if they’re feeling unwell due to menstruation. Encourage open communication about any health issues, so they feel comfortable asking for help.
  • Have over-the-counter pain relief medications (e.g., ibuprofen or paracetamol) available, with the participant’s consent, to help alleviate pain.

SOLUTION

  • Encourage the participant to rest in a quiet and comfortable space, allowing them to recover and manage their pain. Let them know it’s okay to sit out of activities until they feel better.
  • If the participant is comfortable with it and has no contraindications, offer over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol to help reduce pain.
  • If possible, offer a heating pad or warm compress to place on the lower abdomen. Heat can help relieve cramps and provide comfort.
  • Offer water and light snacks like fruit or crackers, as staying hydrated and nourished can help ease some symptoms of menstrual discomfort.
  • If the participant wants to remain engaged, offer them less physically demanding activities until they feel ready to rejoin more active ones.
  • Keep an eye on the participant and check in with them to see if their symptoms are improving. If the pain persists or worsens, consider seeking medical advice.

23

A participant suffers from continuous nausea and vomiting.

PREVENTION

  • Make sure all food and beverages provided to participants are safe, fresh, and stored properly to prevent foodborne illnesses that can cause nausea and vomiting.
  • Promote personal hygiene. People should wash their hands to prevent spread of illnesses.
  • Ensure participants are getting enough rest, as exhaustion or stress can sometimes trigger nausea.

SOLUTION

  • Have the participant rest in a calm, quiet space where they can recover without disruption. Make sure they are lying down comfortably or sitting in a reclined position to reduce nausea.
  • Encourage the participant to take small sips of water or an electrolyte drink to prevent dehydration. Avoid giving them large amounts of liquid at once, as this can worsen nausea.
  • Encourage the participant to avoid eating solid food until the nausea improves. Once they feel better, offer bland, easy-to-digest foods like crackers or toast.
  • If available and appropriate, offer anti-nausea medication (e.g., ginger tablets), provided the participant is familiar with these remedies and has no contraindications.
  • Watch for signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, dizziness, or dark urine, especially if the vomiting continues. If dehydration is suspected, seek medical attention.
  • If the participant continues to vomit, feels very weak, or exhibits signs of severe illness (e.g., fever, abdominal pain), seek medical assistance immediately.

24

A participant gets injured, and the next day the area around the wound becomes swollen, red, and painful to the touch.

PREVENTION

  • Before starting any physical activity, assess the area for potential hazards such as sharp objects, uneven surfaces, or unsafe equipment. Remove or address these risks to minimize the chance of injuries.
  • For certain activities (e.g., sports, hiking), ensure participants are wearing appropriate protective gear, such as helmets, kneepads, or sturdy shoes.
  • Before each activity, give a brief safety talk to participants, explaining the potential risks and proper safety measures. Encourage participants to report any hazards they notice.
  • Encourage participants to listen to their bodies, avoid pushing their limits, and report any discomfort or injuries as soon as they occur.
  • Ensure that experienced youth workers or activity leaders are supervising physically demanding activities to monitor safety and respond quickly to any incidents.

SOLUTION

  • Swelling, redness, and pain may be early signs of infection. Watch for other symptoms such as pus, warmth around the area, or fever, which may indicate that the wound is becoming infected.
  • Gently clean the affected area again with clean water or saline solution.
  • If possible, have the participant elevate the injured limb to reduce swelling. Keeping the area raised above heart level can help alleviate discomfort.
  • Use a cold compress or ice pack wrapped in a cloth on the swollen area to reduce swelling and numb the pain. Apply it for 10-15 minutes at a time.
  • If the participant is in discomfort, offer them over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol, ensuring they have no contraindications.
  • If the swelling, redness, or pain worsens, or if the participant develops a fever or other concerning symptoms, seek medical help immediately. The participant may require antibiotics if an infection has set in.
  • Consider revisiting the safety measures in place for the activity that caused the injury. Ensure all participants understand the risks, proper techniques, and any necessary protective measures for future activities.

25

A participant develops an infectious disease and needs to be isolated from the other participants.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, gather health-related information from participants, including any pre-existing conditions or recent illnesses. Ensure that participants are feeling well before the event begins, and ask anyone with flu-like symptoms to notify organizers early.
  • Encourage regular handwashing, provide hand sanitizer, and remind participants to cover their mouths when coughing or sneezing. Regularly clean and disinfect common areas to reduce the risk of spreading illness.
  • Keep an eye on participants who may be showing early signs of illness (e.g., fever, coughing, fatigue) and address concerns early. Have a plan in place to respond quickly if someone begins showing symptoms.
  • In case of a participant showing mild symptoms, consider organizing activities in smaller groups or adjusting seating arrangements to reduce close physical contact.

SOLUTION

  • If isolation is challenging, move the participant to a separate area (even temporarily) where they can rest away from others. Prioritize their comfort while minimizing contact with the group.
  • Ensure the participant has access to water and food. Regularly check in on them to monitor their condition and offer support.
  • Contact a healthcare professional for guidance on managing the illness and whether the participant requires further treatment or quarantine outside the venue.
  • Let the rest of the group know there’s been an illness, remind them about hygiene practices, and monitor for symptoms—without causing unnecessary alarm.
  • Clean and disinfect common areas the participant has used to reduce the risk of further spread.

26

A participant has a headache due to their migraine.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, ask participants if they suffer from conditions like migraines and ensure they bring any medication or treatment they regularly use.
  • Ensure participants have access to quiet, low-light areas where they can retreat if they feel a migraine coming on. Minimize exposure to loud noises, bright lights, or other common migraine triggers.
  • Encourage participants to take regular breaks from activities, stay hydrated, and eat balanced meals, as dehydration and irregular eating can trigger migraines.
  • Allow participants who experience migraines to step away from activities or rest as needed. Be careful not to let people abuse this kindness as their discomfort might be the result of their own choice of staying up late and not getting enough rest. 

SOLUTION

  • Help the participant find a quiet, dimly lit space where they can rest, as this environment can help alleviate migraine symptoms.
  • If the participant has their own migraine medication, encourage them to take it as prescribed. Do not offer over-the-counter medication unless they’re familiar with it and it’s safe for them to take.
  • Provide the participant with water or a light snack if dehydration or hunger might be contributing to the migraine.
  • Advise the participant to rest until they feel better. Avoid asking them to rejoin group activities until their symptoms subside.
  • Check in on the participant periodically, and if the migraine worsens or doesn’t improve after rest and medication, consider seeking medical advice.

27

A participant has a headache and feels fatigued during a warm or hot day.

PREVENTION

  • Ensure participants drink plenty of water throughout the day, especially during outdoor activities in warm or hot weather. Remind them to take regular hydration breaks even if they don’t feel thirsty.
  • Set up shaded spots or cool indoor spaces where participants can take breaks from the heat.
  • Schedule physically demanding activities for early morning or late afternoon when temperatures are lower, and avoid prolonged exposure to the sun.
  • Encourage participants to wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing to help their bodies stay cool in hot weather.

SOLUTION

  • Help the participant find a shaded or air-conditioned space where they can rest and cool down.
  • Offer the participant water or an electrolyte drink to help rehydrate and reduce symptoms of heat-related fatigue.
  • Encourage the participant to rest in a comfortable position, avoiding further physical activity until they feel better.
  • Use a cool, damp cloth on the participant’s forehead or neck to help lower their body temperature and relieve discomfort.
  • If the headache persists or if the participant begins to feel dizzy, nauseous, or weak, seek medical attention as these could be signs of heat exhaustion or dehydration.

28

A participant starts choking while eating, panicking and needing immediate help.

PREVENTION

  • Ensure that organizers are present during meals to monitor and respond quickly if anyone shows signs of choking.
  • Avoid planning activities that involve rushing or competitive eating, as this can increase the risk of choking. Make sure mealtimes are relaxed and participants have enough time to eat at their own pace.
  • Provide basic safety guidance, especially for younger or less experienced participants, on how to eat safely and what to do in case of choking (e.g., coughing to try to expel the object).

SOLUTION

  • If the participant is coughing forcefully, encourage them to keep coughing to dislodge the object. Do not intervene yet, as coughing is the body’s natural response.
  • Perform the Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrusts). If the participant cannot speak, cough, or breathe, act quickly: 
    • Stand behind the participant and wrap your arms around their waist.
    • Make a fist with one hand and place it just above their navel, below the ribcage.
    • Grasp your fist with the other hand and give quick, upward thrusts until the object is expelled.
  • If the object doesn’t dislodge after several attempts, or if the participant loses consciousness, call emergency services immediately. Continue with abdominal thrusts or perform CPR if necessary until help arrives.
  • Even if the object is dislodged and the participant seems fine, keep an eye on them for any lingering discomfort or breathing issues. Seek medical help if necessary.

29

During pool activities, a participant begins to drown.

PREVENTION

  • Before starting pool activities, give participants a clear safety briefing. Explain pool rules, such as no running, staying within designated areas, and avoiding risky behaviors like diving into shallow water.
  • Before participants enter the pool, assess the environment for any risks (e.g., slippery areas, unsafe depths) and communicate these hazards clearly to everyone.
  • Assign organizers to closely monitor the pool at all times. Ideally, have a few people keeping an eye on different sections of the pool depending on the pool size.
  • Educate the team on the signs of drowning, which may not be as obvious as loud splashing. Drowning can happen quietly, with subtle signs such as:
    • Gasping for air or head low in the water
    • Arms flailing but no forward movement
    • Body positioned vertically in the water without kicking
    • Eyes glassy or closed
    • Mouth appearing to gulp at the surface

SOLUTION

  • If you notice someone in distress, enter the water immediately if you are a confident swimmer. Alternatively, throw them a flotation device, such as a lifebuoy or a pool noodle, while calling for assistance from others.
  • If you reach the participant, approach from behind if possible and use a flotation device to help guide them to the pool’s edge.
  • If the participant is unconscious or in severe distress, have someone call emergency services while rescue efforts are underway.
  • If the participant is unconscious and not breathing after being pulled from the water, begin CPR if you are trained, or have someone who is trained perform CPR until emergency personnel arrive.
  • Even if the participant seems fine after the incident, continue to monitor them for signs of secondary drowning, such as difficulty breathing or coughing, over the next 24 hours. If any symptoms appear, seek immediate medical attention.

30

A diabetic participant is feeling weak and sick due to their low blood sugar.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, collect information about any participants with medical conditions like diabetes, including what they may need in an emergency (e.g., insulin, snacks, glucose tablets). Make sure that this information has been given to the group leaders and other organizers.
  • Ensure that meals are served on time and include balanced nutrition. Encourage participants to carry snacks like fruit or granola bars, especially during physically demanding activities, to help maintain stable blood sugar levels.
  • Be mindful of the physical demands of activities. Encourage participants to take breaks and make sure those with diabetes have snacks or glucose-boosting items on hand, especially during long hikes or physical exertion.
  • Ensure diabetic participants always have access to their necessary medications and glucose monitoring tools.

SOLUTION

  • Signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can include shakiness, sweating, dizziness, weakness, confusion, or irritability. If the participant shows any of these symptoms, act quickly.
  • Offer the participant a quick source of sugar, such as glucose tablets, juice, regular (non-diet) soda, or candy. Follow the rule of 15: provide 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., 4-6 glucose tablets or half a cup of juice), and wait 15 minutes.
  • If the participant has their glucose meter, encourage them to check their blood sugar levels after 15 minutes to see if they are improving. If not, provide another 15 grams of fast-acting sugar.
  • Once their blood sugar improves, provide a snack containing protein and carbohydrates (such as a sandwich or crackers with cheese) to help maintain stable blood sugar levels for the rest of the activity.
  • If the participant does not respond to sugar intake or loses consciousness, seek emergency medical help immediately. If they have a glucagon injection kit, use it as directed if necessary.
  • Allow the participant to rest and recover fully before rejoining activities. Check in with them to ensure they are feeling well before they continue.

31

A participant starts hyperventilating during a stressful situation and says they are having trouble breathing.

PREVENTION

  • Create an atmosphere that minimizes stress by promoting open communication, teamwork, and support among participants. Encourage breaks during intense activities to help participants manage their stress levels.
  • Before the event, offer resources or information on how to handle stress or anxiety. Let participants know they can approach organizers if they feel overwhelmed.
  • Remind participants to listen to their bodies and emotions and to take breaks when they feel stressed or anxious, rather than pushing themselves too hard.

SOLUTION

  • Approach the participant in a calm, reassuring manner. Speak slowly and gently, letting them know they are safe and that hyperventilation is often temporary. Avoid panicking, as it can worsen their anxiety.
  • Encourage the participant to breathe slowly and deeply. Use techniques like:
    • Inhaling through their nose for 4 seconds.
    • Holding their breath for 4 seconds.
    • Exhaling slowly through their mouth for 4 seconds.
    • Repeat this until their breathing stabilizes.
  • If the participant is struggling to focus, try a simple grounding technique such as the “5-4-3-2-1” method, where they identify 5 things they can see, 4 things they can feel, 3 things they can hear, 2 things they can smell, and 1 thing they can taste.
  • If possible, take the participant to a quiet, less stimulating area where they can calm down away from distractions or the source of stress.
  • Give the participant a small sip of water once they are more relaxed. Staying hydrated can also help them feel better.
  • Hyperventilation usually resolves after a few minutes. If the participant’s breathing does not improve or they begin to feel lightheaded, dizzy, or faint, seek medical attention.

32

During a hot day, a participant feels sick and loses consciousness.

PREVENTION

  • Before outdoor activities in hot weather, assess the risks associated with heat and physical exertion. Consider whether the activity is appropriate for all participants, especially those who may be less capable of handling heat or physical activity.
  • If the weather is too hot, be prepared to adjust or cancel outdoor activities. Have alternative plans ready, such as moving activities indoors or rescheduling them for cooler parts of the day (early morning or late afternoon).
  • Be mindful of participants with different levels of physical fitness or medical conditions. Those who are less capable of handling strenuous activities or extreme weather should be given the option to sit out or engage in modified, less physically demanding activities.
  • Establish clear guidelines for regular hydration and rest breaks, especially during strenuous activities. Remind participants to drink water regularly and provide shaded or cool areas for resting.
  • Assign group leaders or youth workers to monitor participants, particularly those who may be more vulnerable, for signs of heat-related stress such as dizziness, fatigue, or excessive sweating. Encourage participants to speak up if they feel unwell.
  • Make sure to always keep the group together and don’t let people wander off alone.

SOLUTION

  • Immediately treat any loss of consciousness as a serious emergency, regardless of the weather. Call for emergency medical help right away, as fainting can signal a critical issue.
  • If the participant is unconscious, try to wake them by calling their name and gently tapping their shoulder. If there is no response, follow emergency procedures, such as starting CPR if trained, and call emergency services immediately.
  • If the participant regains consciousness but is still weak, place them in the recovery position (on their side with the head slightly tilted back) to maintain a clear airway and prevent choking.
  • If heat is a factor, move the participant to a shaded or air-conditioned area to cool down. Remove excess clothing to help lower their body temperature.
  • Once the participant is alert and conscious, offer small sips of water or an electrolyte drink. Avoid giving fluids if they are still disoriented or unable to drink safely.
  • Apply cool, damp cloths to their forehead, neck, and wrists, or use a fan to help lower their body temperature.
  • Regardless of the circumstances, ensure the participant is seen by a medical professional as soon as possible. If the fainting is related to heat, they may be experiencing heat exhaustion or heat stroke, which requires medical treatment.

33

A participant has a high fever that isn’t reducing with paracetamol or ibuprofen and feels very sick.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, gather health information about participants, including any pre-existing conditions or vulnerabilities. Keep an eye on participants showing early signs of illness, like fatigue, cough, or mild fever, and take early action to prevent worsening conditions.
  • Promote regular handwashing, provide hand sanitizers, and ensure that shared spaces (such as bathrooms, kitchens, and dorms) are kept clean to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
  • Ensure participants know to report any symptoms of illness, no matter how minor, and have a plan in place to isolate sick participants if necessary. Act early to reduce the risk of the illness spreading or worsening.
  • Encourage rest and recovery for any participants showing signs of fatigue or illness, rather than pushing them to participate in group activities. Avoiding overexertion can help prevent symptoms from worsening.

SOLUTION

  • Move the participant to a quiet, comfortable area where they can rest away from others to prevent spreading any potential infection. If isolation is not fully possible, at least keep their contact with others to a minimum.
  • Continuously monitor the participant’s symptoms, especially if they have a high fever that isn’t responding to paracetamol or ibuprofen. Check for additional symptoms such as confusion, difficulty breathing, or severe weakness.
  • Offer the participant water, electrolyte drinks, or clear fluids to help prevent dehydration. Avoid forcing food but ensure they stay hydrated.
  • Use cool, damp cloths on their forehead, neck, and wrists to help reduce body temperature. Ensure the participant is dressed lightly and in a well-ventilated area.
  • If the fever isn’t coming down with paracetamol or ibuprofen, do not give additional doses beyond the recommended limits. Stick to safe intervals between doses and avoid mixing medications without medical advice.
  • If the fever remains high and the participant feels very sick despite medication, seek immediate medical assistance. High, persistent fever can signal a serious underlying issue such as an infection, and professional care is necessary.
  • If the condition worsens or does not improve, arrange for transport to the nearest healthcare facility. Make sure a responsible adult accompanies the participant, and notify emergency contacts if necessary.

34

A participant complains of ear pain and diminished hearing on the same side.

PREVENTION

  • Keep an eye on participants who are experiencing colds or allergies, as these can lead to ear problems like blocked Eustachian tubes, which can cause pain or diminished hearing.
  • Ask participants to report any discomfort, ear pain, or hearing changes early on, so that it can be addressed before symptoms worsen.

SOLUTION

  • Ear pain and hearing issues can be worsened by loud environments. Help the participant find a quiet space where they can rest.
  • Ask the participant if they have additional symptoms, such as fever, dizziness, or fluid discharge from the ear. If any of these symptoms are present, it could indicate an infection or a more serious issue, and medical help may be needed.
  • If the participant is in significant discomfort, offer over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, provided they have no contraindications. This can help alleviate pain and inflammation.
  • Advise the participant to rest and avoid activities that could aggravate the ear further, such as swimming, flying, or exposure to loud noises.
  • If the ear pain continues or worsens, or if hearing loss persists, seek medical advice. This could indicate an ear infection, earwax blockage, or other underlying conditions that need professional evaluation.
  • Advise the participant not to try to clean or manipulate their ear on their own (e.g., using cotton swabs), as this can cause further irritation or damage.

35

A participant feels nauseous and vomits after consuming too much alcohol the night before.

PREVENTION

  • Whether participants are adults or minors, set clear guidelines about alcohol use at the beginning of the event. For underage participants, alcohol should be strictly prohibited. For adult participants, communicate limits to ensure responsible drinking.
  • Make it clear that alcohol is not allowed if there are underage participants. Confiscate any alcohol found and dispose of it if necessary, explaining the reasons to the group to maintain transparency.
  • If adult participants are allowed to drink, keep an eye on the amount of alcohol being consumed. If someone appears to be drinking too much, intervene early—suggest taking a break or switch to non-alcoholic drinks. Consider stopping parties or activities where alcohol is involved if the situation seems to be getting out of control.
  • Have youth workers or event staff supervising parties or social gatherings where alcohol may be consumed. This helps prevent excess drinking and ensures that everyone remains safe and respectful.
  • During social events, offer a variety of non-alcoholic drinks to promote responsible behavior and reduce the likelihood of overconsumption.

SOLUTION

  • Help the participant rehydrate by encouraging them to sip water or an electrolyte drink to replenish lost fluids and help reduce hangover symptoms. Remind them to avoid caffeinated drinks, as these can worsen dehydration.
  • Suggest that the participant rest in a quiet, comfortable place where they can recover from their symptoms. Provide a dark room, as bright light may worsen headaches.
  • Once the participant feels stable, offer light snacks like crackers or toast, which can help settle their stomach and provide some energy without causing further discomfort.
  • If the participant is feeling nauseous or has a headache, offer mild over-the-counter remedies like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, ensuring they haven’t taken them recently or exceeded the recommended dose. Avoid aspirin, as it can irritate the stomach further.
  • Make it clear that the participant is not allowed to consume alcohol for the rest of the event. Reinforce this rule to ensure no more incidents occur.
  • Once the participant is feeling better, privately talk to them about their behavior, ensuring they understand the consequences and that it won’t be tolerated for the rest of the event. Emphasize the importance of responsible actions.
  • If alcohol use has been problematic for multiple participants, address the group to remind them of the rules and the importance of moderation to prevent similar issues from happening again.

36

A participant consumes too much alcohol and develops alcohol poisoning, showing symptoms like confusion, vomiting, and unresponsiveness.

PREVENTION

  • Clearly communicate rules regarding alcohol consumption at the beginning of the event. If participants are underage, alcohol should be strictly prohibited. For adults, establish clear guidelines on responsible drinking, including limiting consumption. One of the key rules should be that nobody should pressure anyone else to consume alcohol as this is when people often cross their limits.
  • If there are underage participants, strictly enforce a no-alcohol policy. Confiscate and dispose of any alcohol if necessary and explain the reasons behind the rule.
  • Supervise adult participants who are drinking. If anyone seems to be drinking too much, intervene early—offer them water and discourage further alcohol consumption. Consider stopping social events if alcohol consumption is getting out of control.
  • During social events, offer a wide range of non-alcoholic beverages to reduce the temptation to overconsume alcohol. If alcohol is involved, convince people to choose the “lesser evil” of light alcohol instead of heavy alcohol. This way it’s easier for them to stop before they have had too much.
  • Keep an eye on participants in social settings, especially where alcohol is present, and be ready to step in if you notice risky behavior or excessive drinking. Drinking games can be quite dangerous, especially if people are consuming stronger alcohol.
  • Keep an eye on the amount and type of alcohol at social events. If you notice large quantities of strong alcohol (e.g., spirits), consider it a red flag. Be proactive and intervene early—ensure participants aren’t stocking up on heavy alcohol. Address the situation before it escalates by encouraging moderation and limiting access to strong beverages.
  • Make sure that you have a good social program that is fun and engaging for the participants on every evening. This way they won’t need to “create their own fun” with the help of alcohol. 
     

SOLUTION

  • Symptoms such as confusion, vomiting, unresponsiveness, slow or irregular breathing, and cold or clammy skin are signs of alcohol poisoning, which is a medical emergency. Immediate action is required.
  • If the participant is unresponsive or showing signs of alcohol poisoning, call an ambulance or emergency medical services right away. Do not wait to see if the participant improves on their own.
  • While waiting for medical help, make sure the participant is lying on their side in the recovery position (with one knee bent, head tilted slightly back) to prevent choking in case they vomit. Do not leave the participant lying on their back, as this increases the risk of choking.
  • Stay with the participant at all times and closely monitor their breathing and level of consciousness. If they stop breathing or become completely unresponsive, begin CPR immediately if trained, and continue until emergency help arrives.
  • It’s crucial that someone stays with the participant at all times. Even if the participant appears to improve slightly, alcohol poisoning symptoms can worsen suddenly. Never leave them alone, and keep a close eye on their breathing and level of consciousness.
  • Do not give the participant coffee, cold showers, or try to make them walk around. These methods are ineffective and can actually worsen the situation. Focus on keeping them safe and waiting for medical professionals to arrive.
  • When medical help arrives, provide them with as much information as possible, including how much alcohol the participant consumed, the time frame, and when the symptoms started. This will help them treat the participant more effectively.
  • If the social event where the participant drank is out of control, stop the event to ensure the safety of the group. Take decisive action to prevent further incidents and refocus on keeping the rest of the group safe.
  • After the incident, implement a no-alcohol policy for the rest of the event, regardless of the participants’ age. Clearly explain the reasons behind the decision without blaming the individual who became dangerously intoxicated. Emphasize the importance of group responsibility and looking out for one another.
  • Ensure the remaining program is enjoyable without alcohol. Promote activities where participants can have fun without the need to drink, fostering a safer and more inclusive environment for everyone.

37

A participant has an asthma attack and cannot breathe properly.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, gather information about participants with asthma. Ensure they have their medication (inhalers) with them at all times and are aware of the importance of keeping it nearby.
  • Make sure youth workers and organizers know how to recognize an asthma attack and understand how to assist in case of an emergency. Have a clear plan to follow if an asthma attack occurs.
  • For participants with asthma, encourage them to monitor their breathing, especially during physical activities or in environments with potential triggers. Allow them to take breaks as needed.

SOLUTION

  • Anxiety can worsen asthma symptoms, so it’s important to stay calm and reassure the participant. Encourage them to sit up straight (rather than lying down) to help open their airways.
  • If the participant has their rescue inhaler (usually a blue inhaler containing albuterol or salbutamol), help them take the correct dose as prescribed. If they don’t have it, ask where it is and tell someone to bring it immediately. Ensure they follow proper inhaler usage:
    1. Shake the inhaler.
    2. Have the participant breathe out fully, then place the inhaler in their mouth.
    3. As they begin to inhale slowly, press down on the inhaler and have them breathe in for 3-5 seconds.
    4. Hold the breath for about 10 seconds before exhaling.
  • If the participant’s breathing does not improve after using their inhaler, or if they do not have an inhaler, call emergency services immediately. Asthma attacks can escalate quickly, and timely medical intervention may be necessary.
  • After using the inhaler, closely monitor the participant for improvement. If their breathing improves, continue to monitor them until they feel stable. If their condition worsens, seek medical help urgently.
  • Once the participant has recovered, ensure they are away from potential asthma triggers (such as smoke or allergens) and allow them to rest until they feel fully recovered.

38

A participant with epilepsy starts having a seizure.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, collect detailed information from participants with epilepsy about their condition, seizure triggers, and any medications they take. Make sure they have access to their medication at all times.
  • Be mindful of common seizure triggers such as flashing lights, lack of sleep, stress, or certain sounds. Plan activities accordingly to avoid potential triggers where possible.
  • Make sure organizers are aware of the participant’s condition and trained to respond appropriately in case of a seizure. Have a plan in place and ensure everyone knows their role.
  • Check in with the participant to ensure they are feeling well, especially during physically demanding or stressful activities. Make sure they are getting enough rest.

SOLUTION

  • If a participant begins to have a seizure, remain calm and act quickly to ensure their safety. Clear the area of any sharp or hard objects that could cause injury during the seizure. Tell the rest of the participants to leave the area unless need more people to help you deal with the situation. Let a group leader or another organizer explain the situation to the group so that they wouldn’t panic.
  • Let the seizure run its course without trying to hold the person down. Restraining them can cause more harm than good. Instead, focus on preventing injury by keeping the area around them safe.
  • Once the seizure ends and the participant is no longer convulsing, gently roll them onto their side into the recovery position (lying on their side with one knee bent and their head tilted slightly back) to keep their airway clear and prevent choking, especially if they vomit.
  • Use a watch or phone to time the duration of the seizure. If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, or if the participant has multiple seizures without regaining consciousness, call emergency services immediately. This could indicate a medical emergency known as status epilepticus.
  • Contrary to popular belief, do not put anything (like a spoon or fingers) in the participant’s mouth during a seizure, as this could cause injury or choking. They cannot swallow their tongue.
  • After the seizure ends, stay with the participant until they are fully conscious and able to communicate. They may feel disoriented, tired, or confused, and will need reassurance and a safe environment to recover.
  • If it’s the participant’s first seizure, if they remain unresponsive for an extended period, or if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, call for medical assistance immediately.
  • Once the participant is fully alert, allow them to rest in a quiet, calm environment. Avoid drawing too much attention to them, as they may feel self-conscious or embarrassed after the seizure.

39

A participant slips and falls during an activity, injuring their foot and being unable to walk on their own.

PREVENTION

  • Encourage participants to wear appropriate, supportive footwear for the type of activity being conducted. This is especially important for activities that involve physical movement, such as hiking or sports, where proper shoes can prevent slips and falls.
  • Before starting any activity, inspect the environment for potential hazards like uneven terrain, slippery surfaces, or obstacles that could lead to accidents. Address these issues before the activity begins to reduce the risk of injury.
  • At the beginning of each activity, give participants a quick safety talk, explaining the importance of being mindful of their surroundings and taking care to avoid slips and falls.
  • During physical activities, encourage participants to take breaks and not overexert themselves. Fatigue can increase the likelihood of accidents.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant cannot walk on their own, assist them to a safe, seated position, ideally in a shaded or sheltered area. Use a chair or bench if available, or help them sit down on the ground.
  • Ask the participant how they are feeling and examine the foot for signs of swelling, bruising, or obvious deformities. If the injury appears severe (e.g., visible fractures, significant swelling), avoid moving the participant further and call for medical help immediately.
  • Apply the RICE method: If the injury seems moderate (e.g., a sprain or minor injury), follow the RICE protocol:
    1. Rest: Keep weight off the injured foot.
    2. Ice: If available, apply ice wrapped in a cloth to the injured area to reduce swelling and pain. Use ice for 15-20 minutes at a time.
    3. Compression: If a bandage or wrap is available, apply it to the foot to provide gentle support and reduce swelling, but don’t wrap it too tightly.
    4. Elevation: Elevate the foot above heart level (if possible) to reduce swelling.
  • Ensure that the participant does not try to walk on the injured foot, as this could worsen the injury. Provide support or arrange for transportation if they need to move to another area.
  • If the participant’s pain is severe, they cannot put any weight on the foot, or if there are signs of a more serious injury (e.g., severe swelling or bruising, inability to move the foot), seek professional medical attention immediately.
  • Keep an eye on the injured participant. If swelling or pain increases, or if they develop additional symptoms, escalate to medical help as needed.

40

During an activity, a participant sprains their ankle. They can walk, but it is swollen and painful.

PREVENTION

  • Before physical activities, ensure participants warm up with stretches and light exercises to reduce the risk of sprains or strains. Properly warming up muscles and joints can help prevent injuries.
  • Ensure participants wear suitable shoes for the activity. Supportive, well-fitting footwear can help prevent ankle injuries during activities that involve running or uneven surfaces. It’s important to let the participants know before the event if they need to bring such shoes with them.
  • Before activities, check the area for uneven ground, slippery surfaces, or other hazards that could cause ankle injuries. Clear obstacles or adjust the activity if needed. If you notice a dangerous spot during the activity then make sure to notify the participants.

SOLUTION

  • Ask the participant about their pain level and check for swelling or bruising around the ankle. Since the participant can walk, the sprain is likely mild to moderate, but it still requires care to prevent worsening the injury.
  • Use the RICE method: Even for milder sprains, the RICE protocol can help manage pain and swelling:
    1. Rest: Advise the participant to take it easy, avoid putting too much weight on the ankle, and rest between activities.
    2. Ice: Apply ice to the sprained area for 15-20 minutes at a time to reduce swelling and pain. Wrap the ice in a cloth to avoid direct contact with the skin.
    3. Compression: If available, use an elastic bandage to wrap the ankle. This helps reduce swelling but ensure it’s not wrapped too tightly.
    4. Elevation: Encourage the participant to elevate their foot when resting, ideally above heart level, to reduce swelling.
  • While the participant can walk, it’s important that they don’t push themselves too hard. Advise them to take breaks and avoid strenuous physical activities until the ankle feels better. They may need to modify their involvement in future activities.
  • If the participant is in discomfort, offer over-the-counter pain relief like ibuprofen or paracetamol, if they’re familiar with and comfortable using these medications.
  • Check in with the participant to see how their ankle is feeling throughout the day. If swelling or pain increases, or if they start having difficulty walking, consider seeking medical advice.

41

A participant is bitten by a mosquito and develops a red rash, minor swelling, and itching around the bite.

PREVENTION

  • Before outdoor activities, especially in areas with high mosquito activity, remind participants to apply insect repellent to exposed skin and clothing. Use repellents that contain DEET, picaridin, or other effective ingredients. Make sure to give the participants an opportunity to buy the repellant or buy it for them before the project.
  • Advise participants to wear long sleeves, pants, and light-colored clothing to minimize exposed skin and reduce the chances of mosquito bites.
  • If possible, schedule outdoor activities away from peak mosquito activity times, which are usually around dawn and dusk. If mosquitoes become a serious issue, consider making changes to the program to have more indoor activities.
  • Use mosquito-repelling candles, nets, or other deterrents in outdoor areas where participants gather to further reduce the risk of bites.

SOLUTION

  • Let the participant know that mosquito bites are generally harmless and will clear up on their own within a few days. The itching and swelling are common reactions.
  • Gently wash the bite with soap and water to keep it clean and reduce the chance of infection.
  • Use a cold compress or ice pack (wrapped in a cloth) for 10-15 minutes to reduce swelling and soothe the itchiness.
  • If the participant feels uncomfortable, you can suggest using simple anti-itch remedies like an over-the-counter calamine lotion or even a dab of aloe vera or baking soda paste to relieve itching.
  • Remind the participant to avoid scratching the bite to prevent irritation and possible infection.
  • If mosquitoes are becoming a significant nuisance, consider moving the activity indoors or to an area with fewer bugs to prevent more bites.

42

A participant is stung by a bee or wasp, experiences difficulty breathing, and feels weak.

PREVENTION

  • Before outdoor activities, check the area for bee or wasp nests and avoid disturbing them. Remind participants to stay calm and avoid swatting at insects if one approaches them.
  • Ensure that the group has access to a well-stocked first aid kit, including antihistamines, in case of allergic reactions. If participants know they are allergic, they should bring their own medication, such as an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen).
  • Familiarize yourself with the nearest medical facilities and ensure you have access to emergency services in case of severe reactions.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant is experiencing difficulty breathing or feels weak after the sting, remain calm and reassure them while acting quickly to manage the situation.
  • Difficulty breathing and weakness are signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which is life-threatening. Call emergency services immediately, as rapid medical intervention is crucial.
  • If the participant has an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen), help them use it immediately:
    1. Remove the safety cap.
    2. Press the injector firmly against the participant’s outer thigh.
    3. Hold for 3-5 seconds, allowing the medication to be administered. If the participant does not have an auto-injector but someone else in the group does and it’s safe to use (e.g., they are confirmed to be allergic), administer it while waiting for emergency help.
  • Have the participant sit or lie down, preferably with their legs elevated if they feel faint. This helps maintain blood flow. Keep them calm while you wait for emergency help.
  • Continue to monitor the participant’s breathing and level of consciousness. If their condition worsens (e.g., loss of consciousness or stopping breathing), be prepared to administer CPR if trained.
  • If the participant has mild symptoms of an allergic reaction (without severe symptoms like breathing difficulties), you can administer an oral antihistamine, like loratadine, while still awaiting emergency services.

43

A participant is stung by a jellyfish while swimming, leaving the affected area red and itchy.

PREVENTION

  • Before swimming, brief participants on potential risks in the water, such as jellyfish. Encourage them to avoid areas where jellyfish are known to be present or follow local guidance on safe swimming zones.
  • Stay aware of local warnings about jellyfish activity and avoid swimming if jellyfish sightings are common or if there are warnings about dangerous species.

SOLUTION

  • Help the participant exit the water immediately to prevent further stings and minimize exposure to any additional jellyfish.
  • Rinse the sting area with seawater (saltwater), not freshwater. Freshwater can cause the stinging cells (nematocysts) to release more venom. Gently pour seawater over the sting to clean the area.
  • Avoid rubbing the sting, as this can worsen the irritation and spread the venom.
  • If tentacles are still attached to the skin, carefully remove them using a pair of tweezers or gloved hands. Do not touch them with bare hands, as this could cause additional stings.
  • If vinegar (acetic acid) is available, apply it to the sting. Vinegar can help neutralize some types of jellyfish venom and prevent further stinging.
  • After cleaning the area, apply a cold compress or ice pack (wrapped in a cloth) to reduce pain, swelling, and itching. Leave the compress on for 10-15 minutes.
  • Keep an eye on the participant for signs of an allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, dizziness, or widespread swelling. If any of these symptoms occur, seek medical attention immediately.
  • Let the participant know that while jellyfish stings are painful, they usually improve within a few hours to a couple of days with proper care.

44

During a trip to the city, a participant gets hit by a car.

PREVENTION

  • Before going on a city excursion, remind participants about pedestrian safety. Emphasize the importance of using crosswalks, obeying traffic signals, and staying alert when crossing busy streets.
  • Assign group leaders to monitor participants, especially in busy or unfamiliar urban environments. This helps keep the group together and minimizes risky behavior, such as jaywalking.
  • Remind participants to avoid distractions such as using phones or headphones when navigating city streets, especially in high-traffic areas.
  • When organizing city trips, choose routes that prioritize pedestrian safety, such as paths with pedestrian crossings, clear sidewalks, and minimal high-traffic intersections.

SOLUTION

  • Contact emergency services, regardless of how serious the injury appears. Provide clear details about the accident, including the location and the participant’s condition.
  • If there’s a potential head, neck, or spine injury, do not move the participant unless they are in immediate danger. Moving them incorrectly could cause further injury.
  • If the participant is conscious and injuries are not life-threatening, provide basic first aid, such as applying pressure to any wounds to stop bleeding. Keep them calm and reassure them until help arrives.
  • Stay with the participant, monitoring their breathing and responsiveness. If they lose consciousness or stop breathing, perform CPR if trained, and follow emergency responder instructions.
  • If possible, collect details about the accident, such as the driver’s information, license plate, and any witness statements to pass on to emergency responders.
  • While waiting for help, ensure the rest of the group stays calm and away from the accident scene to prevent further distress or confusion.

45

A participant accidentally pokes their eye with a sharp object during an activity, causing redness and pain.

PREVENTION

  • Remind participants to be mindful when using sharp objects or materials during activities. Emphasize the importance of handling objects with care and staying aware of their surroundings.
  • If the activity involves specific risks (e.g., crafting with tools), offer protective gear like safety goggles to reduce the risk of accidental injuries.

SOLUTION

  • Ask the participant about their pain level and whether they are experiencing any vision changes, such as blurred vision or difficulty keeping their eye open. If the injury seems severe (e.g., intense pain, loss of vision), seek immediate medical attention.
  • If there is any debris in the eye, gently flush it with clean water or saline solution. Ensure the participant tilts their head to allow the water to flow from the inner corner of the eye outward.
  • Advise the participant not to rub the injured eye, as this can worsen the irritation or cause more damage.
  • If the eye is red and swollen, gently apply a cold compress (wrapped in a cloth) to the affected area for 10-15 minutes to reduce swelling and soothe discomfort.
  • If the injury is severe or the participant continues to feel discomfort, cover the eye with a clean cloth or eye patch to prevent further irritation and take them to the emergency room. If the injury is severe, make sure to call the ambulance immediately.
  • If the participant experiences ongoing pain, blurry vision, or other symptoms, arrange for them to visit an emergency room for a more thorough evaluation.

46

A participant accidentally steps on broken glass, with a piece getting stuck under the skin, causing pain and swelling.

PREVENTION

  • Before starting any activity, especially in outdoor or shared spaces, inspect the area for potential dangers like broken glass or other sharp objects, and clean them up.
  • Advise participants to wear shoes in areas where broken glass or sharp objects might be present, especially during outdoor activities or in places with uneven or rough surfaces.
  • Avoid carrying out activities at dangerous areas like construction sites, abandoned buildings, etc.

SOLUTION

  • If the glass is shallow and visible near the surface, clean a pair of tweezers with antiseptic and carefully remove the glass, being cautious not to push it deeper into the skin.
  • Once the glass is removed, wash the area with soap and water to prevent infection.
  • If there’s minor bleeding, apply gentle pressure around the wound with a clean cloth or sterile gauze until the bleeding stops.
  • Encourage the participant to avoid walking on the injured foot to prevent further injury or aggravation.
  • After cleaning the wound, apply an antiseptic and cover it with a sterile bandage to protect it from dirt and bacteria.
  • If the glass is deeply embedded or if the participant experiences significant pain, swelling, or difficulty removing the glass, seek medical attention for proper care.
  • Keep an eye on the wound for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, warmth, or pus. If any of these symptoms appear, seek medical advice immediately.

47

During an activity, a participant is bitten by a stray animal.

PREVENTION

  • Remind participants not to approach or attempt to feed stray animals, especially in unfamiliar environments where the animals’ behavior or health is unknown.
  • If an activity takes place in an area known for stray animals, ensure there is proper supervision to prevent participants from interacting with animals that may be present.
  • Before outdoor activities, give a quick briefing on the importance of staying away from stray or wild animals and what to do if an animal approaches the group. 

SOLUTION

  • If the participant is bitten, clean the wound as soon as possible with soap and clean water to reduce the risk of infection. Rinse the area thoroughly and avoid scrubbing, as this could worsen tissue damage.
  • After cleaning the wound, apply an antiseptic (such as iodine or alcohol-based solutions) to help prevent infection.
  • Stop any bleeding: If the bite is bleeding, apply pressure using a clean cloth or sterile gauze until the bleeding stops. If the bleeding is severe, seek emergency medical assistance immediately.
  • Animal bites can carry a risk of serious infections, such as tetanus or rabies. Even if the wound appears minor, it’s crucial to get medical help to evaluate the risk of infection and administer any necessary vaccines or treatments, such as a tetanus shot or rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.
  • After the bite, keep an eye on the wound for signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pus. If any of these symptoms develop, return to the healthcare provider for further treatment.
  • If necessary, report the bite to local authorities, especially if rabies is a concern in the area. Authorities may need to track the animal to assess further risks.

48

A participant falls and hits their head, feeling dizzy, disoriented, and has a headache.

PREVENTION

  • Before starting physical activities, remind participants to be cautious, especially in areas where falls are more likely (e.g., uneven ground, slippery surfaces). Encourage participants to wear proper footwear and remain aware of their surroundings.
  • If activities involve physical exertion, height, or uneven terrain, ensure proper supervision and brief participants on how to reduce the risk of falls.

SOLUTION

  • Stop the activity and focus all attention on the participant who got hurt. Give the rest of the group some free time until the hurt participant has received necessary help. Do not resume the activity unless you have made sure the area is safe for the participants. 
  • Ask the participant how they’re feeling and whether they have any symptoms beyond dizziness, disorientation, or headache, such as nausea, vomiting, or confusion. If the participant lost consciousness or their symptoms are severe, seek immediate medical attention.
  • Dizziness, disorientation, and headaches can be signs of a concussion. Monitor the participant closely for worsening symptoms such as confusion, memory loss, slurred speech, or difficulty walking. If these symptoms appear, call emergency services immediately.
  • Ensure the participant sits or lies down in a quiet, comfortable area to rest. Encourage them to avoid standing up or moving too much until they feel better.
  • If there is any swelling or pain at the site of the impact, apply a cold compress (wrapped in a cloth) for 10-15 minutes to reduce swelling and relieve discomfort.
  • Avoid giving the participant any painkillers (like ibuprofen or aspirin) right away, as they can sometimes mask symptoms that are important for assessing the injury. It’s best to wait until after a professional medical evaluation if there is concern about a concussion.
  • Stay with the participant and continue to monitor their condition. If their symptoms worsen, such as increased confusion, sleepiness, or repeated vomiting, seek emergency medical care.
  • If the dizziness, headache, or disorientation persists, or if the participant’s condition does not improve after resting, arrange for them to be seen by a healthcare professional to rule out any serious injury.

49

A participant cuts their hand during an activity, and the wound is oozing blood.

PREVENTION

  • Before activities that involve sharp objects or tools (e.g., crafting, cooking, or outdoor activities), remind participants of the importance of handling equipment carefully. Make the use of protective equipment mandatory and ensure that there is enough of it.
  • Ensure that tools and materials being used in activities are in good condition and appropriate for the task to reduce the risk of injury.

SOLUTION

  • If the wound is deep and/or there is heavy bleeding, call the ambulance immediately.
  • Apply firm pressure to the wound using a clean cloth, sterile gauze, or bandage. Keep pressure on the wound for several minutes to help control the bleeding. If the cloth becomes soaked with blood, add another layer on top rather than removing the first.
  • If possible, have the participant raise their hand above heart level to help slow the bleeding.
  • Once the bleeding has slowed, gently rinse the wound with clean water to remove any dirt or debris. Avoid scrubbing the wound, as this can cause further irritation.
  • After cleaning the wound, apply an antiseptic (such as iodine or an alcohol-based solution) to reduce the risk of infection.
  • After cleaning and disinfecting the wound, apply a sterile bandage or dressing to protect it from dirt and bacteria.
  • If the wound is deep, won’t stop bleeding after 10-15 minutes of applying pressure, or if there is a concern about the risk of infection (such as from a dirty object), seek medical help. The participant may need stitches or a tetanus shot.
  • Over the next few days, watch for signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pus. If any of these symptoms appear, have the participant visit a healthcare provider for further treatment.

50

A participant’s nose suddenly starts bleeding, and they cannot stop the bleeding on their own.

PREVENTION

  • Instruct participants to be mindful during activities that could result in head or facial injury, as trauma is a common cause of nosebleeds.

SOLUTION

  • Ask the participant to sit down and lean slightly forward (not backward) to prevent blood from flowing down the throat, which can cause nausea or vomiting.
  • Instruct the participant to gently pinch the soft part of their nose (just below the bony bridge) with their thumb and forefinger. Maintain pressure for 10-15 minutes without releasing to allow time for the bleeding to stop.
  • While the participant is pinching their nose, remind them to breathe through their mouth and remain calm.
  • Place a cold compress or ice pack (wrapped in a cloth) on the bridge of the participant’s nose or the back of their neck. This can help constrict the blood vessels and slow down the bleeding.
  • Remind the participant to stay upright and avoid tilting their head back, as this can cause blood to flow into the throat and stomach, potentially leading to nausea.
  • If the bleeding does not stop after 20 minutes of applying pressure, or if the participant experiences frequent nosebleeds, seek medical attention. This may indicate an underlying condition that needs to be evaluated.
  • Once the bleeding has stopped, advise the participant to avoid blowing their nose, picking at it, or engaging in strenuous activity for the next few hours to prevent the bleeding from restarting.

51

A participant falls and hurts their face. Their teeth are in pain, and they notice one tooth is missing.

PREVENTION

  • Be mindful of the area that you have selected for the activity and evaluate if it’s safe. Do not take unnecessary risks. 
  • Before engaging in physical activities, remind participants to be mindful of their surroundings, particularly in areas with uneven terrain or during activities that could lead to falls.
     

SOLUTION

  • First, check the participant for any other injuries, especially to the face or head. If they are dizzy, disoriented, or have other serious injuries (like a head injury), seek medical attention immediately.
  • Stop the activity and let the participants return indoors. Avoid staying around the person who just got hurt because crowds can make them feel worse. Let another organizer take care of the group while the most skilled/experienced ones are taking care of the person who got hurt.
  • If there is any bleeding or debris in the participant’s mouth, ask them to gently rinse with water. Avoid vigorous rinsing to prevent aggravating the injury.
  • If the gums or mouth are bleeding, have the participant gently bite down on a clean cloth, sterile gauze, or tissue to control the bleeding.
  • If the tooth has been completely knocked out and can be found, handle it by the crown (the top part), not the root. Rinse it gently with clean water, but do not scrub it or use soap.
  • If possible, try to reinsert the tooth back into its socket. Have the participant gently bite down on a gauze or cloth to hold the tooth in place while seeking immediate dental care.
  • If the tooth cannot be reinserted, store it in a container of milk, saline solution, or the participant’s saliva (do not store it in plain water). This helps preserve the tooth while you seek emergency dental treatment.
  • Time is critical in saving a knocked-out tooth. Get the participant to a dentist or emergency room as soon as possible, ideally within 30 minutes, for the best chance of saving the tooth.
  • For any lingering pain or discomfort, over-the-counter painkillers (like ibuprofen) can be offered, provided the participant is comfortable with them and has no contraindications. Avoid giving aspirin, as it can increase bleeding.
  • Advise the participant not to eat or drink until they’ve seen a dentist, as this could worsen the injury or cause discomfort.

52

A participant is swimming when a strong current pushes them into deeper water, farther away from the shore.

PREVENTION

  • Before participants enter the water, give a safety talk on the dangers of currents and rip tides. Explain what to do if they get caught in a current and remind them to stay within designated swimming areas.
  • Ensure there are organizers and experienced swimmers watching participants at all times, especially in open water. Consider assigning a buddy system so swimmers are never alone.
  • Before allowing participants to swim, check for warnings or reports of strong currents or dangerous water conditions. If conditions are risky, cancel swimming activities.

SOLUTION

  • Encourage the participant to remain calm. Panicking can cause exhaustion, making it harder to stay afloat. Remind them to conserve energy by floating on their back if they feel tired.
  • If caught in a rip current, instruct the participant to swim parallel to the shore, not directly against the current. Swimming sideways allows them to break free from the current’s pull, after which they can head back to shore at an angle.
  • If trained lifeguards are not available, assist from shore using flotation devices like a lifebuoy, pool noodle, or rope. Avoid entering the water unless absolutely necessary and only if you are a confident swimmer, as this could endanger both you and the participant.
  • If the participant is struggling or drifting farther from shore, immediately call emergency services or local lifeguards for rescue support. Time is critical in situations involving strong currents.
  • Once the participant reaches shore, assess their condition. If they are exhausted, disoriented, or have swallowed water, encourage them to rest and monitor their breathing. If there are any signs of water inhalation or distress, seek medical attention immediately.

53

After spending too much time in the sauna, a participant feels light-headed and weak.

PREVENTION

  • Before using the sauna, remind participants to limit their time per session and take breaks to cool down. Encourage participants to step out of the sauna if they start feeling uncomfortable or too hot.
  • Make sure that not too many people enter the sauna at the same time. People must be able to exit when ever they feel like it.
  • Remind participants to drink plenty of water before, during and after using the sauna to prevent dehydration, which can worsen symptoms like light-headedness and weakness.
  • Advise participants to avoid consuming alcohol or eating large meals before entering the sauna, as this can increase the risk of feeling weak or light-headed.
  • Present the sauna rules beforehand to make sure that people behave appropriately inside the sauna. It is especially important to remind people that sauna can be dangerous and there should not be any “who can stay the longest” type of competitions. It can also be slippery inside the sauna and people need to be especially careful near the heating element.
  • Do not heat the sauna to extreme temperatures and keep it mild. If there are experienced sauna fans among the participants then remind them to keep people safe and help you enforce the rules.
  • Do not let participants consume alcohol during sauna sessions, especially stronger alcohol.
     

SOLUTION

  • If the participant feels light-headed, weak, or dizzy, immediately assist them in leaving the sauna and moving to a cooler area. Ensure they sit or lie down in a comfortable position to recover.
  • Offer the participant water or an electrolyte drink to help them rehydrate. Encourage them to sip slowly and avoid drinking too quickly, which could lead to nausea.
  • Help the participant cool down by sitting in a well-ventilated area or applying a cool, damp cloth to their forehead or neck. Avoid drastic cooling measures like cold showers, which could cause shock to the system.
  • Keep an eye on the participant’s condition. If they experience persistent dizziness, vomiting, confusion, or fainting, seek medical attention immediately.
  • Ensure the participant has time to rest and recover fully.
  • Find out how this situation happened and make sure that the sauna rules are followed. Reduce the temperature in the sauna.

54

A participant accidentally touches the heating system in the sauna and burns their skin.

PREVENTION

  • Before entering the sauna, remind participants to avoid touching the heating elements and to be cautious when moving around in the sauna, especially in small or crowded spaces.
  • Clearly inform participants where the heating system is located to help them avoid accidental contact. Make sure there’s enough room for participants to move safely.
  • Limit the number of people that can go to sauna at the same time. 
  • Set clear rules and communicate those to the participants. There should be no pushing or other reckless behavior inside the sauna. 
  • If possible, make sure that the floor is not slippery.
     

SOLUTION

  • Help the participant leave the sauna immediately and move to a cooler area to prevent further damage to the skin.
  • Gently rinse the burned area under lukewarm (not cold) running water for 10-15 minutes. This helps reduce pain and prevent further skin damage. Avoid using ice or very cold water, as this can cause further injury.
  • Avoid applying oils, butter, or lotions directly to the burn, as these can trap heat in the skin and worsen the injury. Use only clean, cool water initially.
  • Once the burn has been cooled, cover it with a clean, non-stick, sterile bandage or cloth to protect it from infection and irritation.
  • If the burn covers a large area, is very painful, or forms blisters, seek medical attention immediately. Burns on sensitive areas like the face, hands, or feet may require professional treatment, even if they appear small.
  • If the participant is in pain, offer over-the-counter painkillers like ibuprofen or paracetamol, provided they are comfortable with these medications and there are no contraindications.
  • If blisters form, do not pop or break them, as this increases the risk of infection. Let them heal naturally and monitor the area for signs of infection.

55

After hiking for a while, a participant notices blisters on their heels.

PREVENTION

  • Before the hike, ensure participants are wearing well-fitting, supportive shoes and moisture-wicking socks to prevent friction that leads to blisters. If there is a lot of hiking planned, make sure that everyone is bringing appropriate gear with them.
  • Suggest using blister prevention products like moleskin, blister pads, or petroleum jelly on areas prone to friction, such as heels, before starting the hike.
  • Encourage participants to take regular breaks during the hike to inspect their feet, adjust their shoes if necessary, and prevent hot spots from developing into blisters.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant notices blisters, stop the hike and assess the condition. Blisters that are intact should be left unbroken to reduce the risk of infection.
  • If blister pads or adhesive bandages are available, apply them over the blister to protect it from further friction. This helps cushion the area and reduces discomfort.
  • Make sure the participant’s feet and the blistered area are clean and dry before applying any coverings. Wet conditions can increase the risk of infection.
  • If the blister is large and causing significant discomfort, it can be drained carefully:
    1. Sterilize a needle or pin by wiping it with alcohol.
    2. Gently pierce the edge of the blister and allow the fluid to drain, but leave the skin intact as a protective layer.
    3. Cover the area with a sterile bandage.
  • Advise the participant to limit walking or hiking for the rest of the day to avoid aggravating the blisters. If possible, provide alternative transportation or assistance for them.
  • Keep an eye on the blister for signs of infection, such as increased redness, warmth, swelling, or pus. If these symptoms develop, seek medical attention.

56

During a campfire, the wind blows smoke into participants’ eyes, causing redness and soreness.

PREVENTION

  • Before starting the campfire, position participants so that they are sitting upwind, away from where the smoke is likely to blow.
  • If the wind changes direction, encourage participants to adjust their seating to avoid the smoke blowing into their eyes.

SOLUTION

  • If smoke is blowing into participants’ eyes, have them move away from the campfire or to another side where the wind isn’t blowing smoke.
  • If their eyes feel irritated, gently flush the eyes with clean water to help relieve redness and soreness. Do not rub the eyes, as this can increase irritation.
  • Encourage participants to blink frequently and rest their eyes for a few minutes to help clear out any lingering smoke particles.
  • If the redness or soreness persists, suggest using over-the-counter saline eye drops to soothe the irritation. If the problem continues or worsens, seek medical advice.

57

A participant accidentally takes the wrong medication or dose from the medkit due to confusion.

PREVENTION

  • Make sure participants know who is responsible for administering medication from the medkit. Only the assigned person should handle medications, ensuring the correct dose and type are given.
  • Before the event, instruct participants not to take any medication from the medkit themselves unless it is an absolute emergency. They should always consult the person in charge first.
  • Ensure all medications in the medkit are clearly labeled with their purpose and dosage instructions to minimize confusion.

SOLUTION

  • As soon as you’re aware of the situation, ask the participant what medication they took and how much of it. If the medication was not labeled clearly or they are unsure, check the packaging to identify it.
  • Most standard medkits contain over-the-counter medications like pain relievers, antihistamines, or antacids, which generally won’t cause harm if taken in slightly higher doses. However, it’s important to assess the participant’s condition and monitor for any symptoms.
  • Even if the medication is not immediately dangerous, contact a medical professional for advice on how to proceed. If the participant took a high dose or something inappropriate for their condition, medical advice will guide the next steps.
  • Keep an eye on the participant for any signs of adverse reactions, such as dizziness, nausea, confusion, or trouble breathing. If any of these symptoms occur, seek medical help immediately.
  • Avoid giving the participant any more medication until you have consulted a medical professional to avoid further complications.

58

A participant suffers a panic attack triggered by a stressful or overwhelming situation during the workshop.

PREVENTION

  • Before starting the workshop, ensure the environment is as calm and stress-free as possible. Encourage regular breaks and provide quiet spaces for participants who may need to step away from overwhelming situations.
  • Let participants know they can speak up if they start feeling overwhelmed or anxious. Make it clear that they can take a break if needed.
  • Ensure participants know who to approach if they are feeling overwhelmed. Having a designated person can make participants feel more secure. This can for example be their national group leader.

SOLUTION

  • Approach the participant calmly and let them know they are safe. Reassure them that they are experiencing a panic attack and that it will pass. Speak slowly and calmly.
  • Guide the participant in taking slow, deep breaths. Encourage them to inhale slowly through their nose and exhale through their mouth. Counting breaths (e.g., “In for 4 seconds, out for 4 seconds”) can help them focus.
  • If possible, guide the participant to a quieter area away from the group to help reduce sensory overload. Make sure that there aren’t any other participants standing around them. 
  • Help the participant focus on their surroundings to ground them in the present. Ask them to name five things they can see, four things they can feel, three things they can hear, two things they can smell, and one thing they can taste.
  • If the participant prefers to be alone or feels embarrassed, give them space but stay close enough to offer support if needed.
  • Once the participant begins to calm down, offer them water and remind them to continue focusing on their breathing. Allow them to rejoin the group at their own pace or sit out if they prefer.

59

A participant experiences intense motion sickness during a bus or boat trip and starts vomiting.

PREVENTION

  • Before the trip, advise participants who are prone to motion sickness to take motion sickness medication in advance. They should follow the dosage instructions on the medication.
  • Suggest that participants prone to motion sickness sit near the front of the bus or in the middle of a boat, where movement tends to be less pronounced.
  • Ensure there is proper ventilation by opening windows (on a bus) or staying in well-ventilated areas (on a boat) to help reduce nausea.

SOLUTION

  • If possible, help the participant move to a more stable position on the bus or boat, such as the front of the bus or the center of the boat, where movement is less intense.
  • Guide the participant to take slow, deep breaths to help reduce nausea. Fresh air can also help if it’s available.
  • If the participant feels like vomiting, offer a bag or container to avoid creating a mess.
  • Once the participant has vomited, offer them a small sip of water and a cool, damp cloth to wipe their face. Encourage them to take slow, small sips of water to stay hydrated, but avoid giving large amounts immediately.
  • Suggest the participant close their eyes and rest. Looking at the horizon or closing their eyes can reduce the sensory input causing motion sickness.
  • Encourage the participant to avoid eating or drinking anything heavy or greasy until they feel better, as this can make nausea worse.

60

While participating in a craft activity, a participant gets a splinter stuck in their hand.

PREVENTION

  • Before the activity, remind participants to handle materials, especially wood or rough surfaces, with care. Suggest wearing gloves if appropriate for the activity.
  • Ensure that the craft materials being used are smooth and free from splinters or sharp edges whenever possible.

SOLUTION

  • Before attempting to remove the splinter, wash the participant’s hands with soap and water to prevent infection.
  • If the splinter is visible and sticking out from the skin, use clean, sterilized tweezers to gently pull it out in the direction it entered. Ensure the tweezers are disinfected with antiseptic before use.
  • If the splinter is too deep or difficult to remove, avoid digging into the skin. Clean the area, apply a bandage, and seek medical assistance if necessary.
  • After removing the splinter, clean the affected area again with soap and water, then apply an antiseptic to prevent infection.
  • Cover the area with a small bandage to protect the wound from dirt and further irritation.
  • Keep an eye on the wound over the next few days. If there is redness, swelling, warmth, or pus, seek medical attention as these could be signs of infection.

61

A participant develops a red, irritated pimple on their face.

PREVENTION

  • Pimples can develop for a variety of reasons and are generally not preventable…

SOLUTION

  • Advise the participant not to pick at or squeeze the pimple, as this can lead to further irritation or infection.
  • Suggest they gently wash their face with mild soap and water to keep the area clean.
  • Let the participant know that the pimple should clear up on its own within a few days and that there’s no need for major concern.

62

A participant becomes ill due to extreme stress from an overly packed schedule, lacking rest and downtime.

PREVENTION

  • When organizing events, ensure the schedule includes adequate breaks, rest periods, and downtime. Avoid overloading participants with back-to-back activities.
  • Remind participants that taking breaks and getting enough sleep is essential for their well-being, especially during intense programs or workshops.
  • Monitor participants throughout the event to see if anyone is feeling overwhelmed, and be ready to adjust the schedule if necessary to allow for more relaxation. The best way to do that is to gather daily anonymous feedback at the end or at the beginning (about previous day) of the day. 

SOLUTION

  • Speak to the participant privately and encourage them to share how they’re feeling. Reassure them that it’s okay to take time off if they’re feeling overwhelmed or stressed.
  • Consider adjusting the participant’s schedule for the rest of the event, allowing them to modify participation in some activities so they can prioritize their well-being. Ask for feedback and ideas on how to make the schedule better for the group.
  • Suggest simple relaxation techniques like deep breathing or mindfulness exercises to help the participant manage stress.
  • If the participant’s condition worsens or if they show signs of severe exhaustion (e.g., persistent headaches, nausea, or dizziness), seek medical advice.

63

A participant starts feeling dizzy and nauseous while participating in high-altitude activities like mountain hiking.

PREVENTION

  • If possible, plan the hike to allow participants to gradually adjust to the altitude. Schedule easier activities at lower altitudes before progressing to higher elevations.
  • Encourage participants to drink plenty of water during the hike, as dehydration can worsen altitude sickness. Remind them to drink regularly, even if they don’t feel thirsty.
  • Include regular breaks in the hike to allow participants to rest and acclimate to the altitude. Avoid pushing participants to go faster than they are comfortable with.

SOLUTION

  • If a participant feels dizzy or nauseous, have them stop hiking and rest. Sit them down in a comfortable, shaded area, preferably at a lower altitude if possible.
  • At high altitudes, oxygen levels are lower, so encourage the participant to take slow, deep breaths to help with dizziness and nausea.
  • Provide the participant with water to stay hydrated, as dehydration can contribute to altitude sickness. Encourage slow, small sips rather than gulping.
  • If the participant’s symptoms don’t improve after resting, consider descending to a lower altitude where the air pressure is higher. This often helps relieve altitude sickness symptoms.
  • Keep an eye on the participant for signs of worsening altitude sickness, such as shortness of breath, confusion, or extreme fatigue. If these symptoms occur, descend immediately and seek medical attention.
  • After symptoms improve, give the participant enough time to fully recover before continuing with any activities. Encourage them to take it easy for the remainder of the day.

64

A participant loses or damages necessary medication (e.g., inhaler, EpiPen), creating a potential health emergency.

PREVENTION

  • Before the event, remind participants with critical medical needs (e.g., asthma, severe allergies) to bring extra medication, such as an additional inhaler or EpiPen, and to keep it in a safe place.
  • Encourage participants to store their medication in a secure, easy-to-reach location, like a personal bag, and ensure they know who to notify if it’s lost or damaged.
  • Assign a organizer to keep a list of participants’ medical needs and ensure they know where backup medication (if available) is stored.

SOLUTION

  • If a participant loses or damages necessary medication, stay calm and immediately ask about their current condition. If they are not showing symptoms, reassure them and begin finding a solution.
  • Ask the participant if they have brought a backup dose of their medication or if another participant has a similar medication (e.g., another inhaler or EpiPen), but only use someone else’s medication if it is appropriate and the person is comfortable sharing.
  • If the participant requires immediate access to the medication and no backup is available, contact emergency services right away. Inform them of the situation and the medication needed.
  • Keep an eye on the participant for any signs of distress. If they start experiencing symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or signs of an allergic reaction, follow the emergency steps for that condition (e.g., using available first aid or administering a shared EpiPen if applicable).
  • If time allows and the situation isn’t immediately critical, contact the nearest pharmacy to arrange for replacement medication as soon as possible.
  • Stay with the participant and avoid letting them engage in physical activities until the situation is resolved, especially if their missing medication is essential for managing conditions like asthma or allergies.

65

A participant breaks their glasses, leaving them unable to see properly and impacting their safety during activities.

PREVENTION

  • Advise participants to store their glasses in a protective case when not in use, especially during physical activities or risky situations where they could easily be damaged.
  • When organizing activities, ensure that participants who rely on glasses or contacts are placed in positions where their limited vision won’t endanger their safety if glasses break or are lost.

SOLUTION

  • If the participant breaks their glasses during an activity, help guide them to a safe area. Ensure they are not involved in any activities that could pose a risk due to their impaired vision.
  • Until the situation is resolved, ensure the participant receives help with tasks requiring clear vision, such as reading, navigating, or participating in activities.
  • If possible, check if the glasses can be temporarily repaired using simple items like tape or a glasses repair kit until a more permanent solution can be found.
  • If repair is not an option, contact the participant’s family or optician to arrange for a replacement pair or for assistance in obtaining temporary corrective lenses.
  • Modify or exclude the participant from activities that require clear vision and could be hazardous, such as sports, hikes, or tasks requiring precision, until they have access to functional glasses or contacts.
  • Try to find activities that the participant can still engage in safely, such as group discussions or less physically demanding tasks, to keep them involved.

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